The purpose of this study is to analyze the Communicative Action in Tehran cafes. This is a qualitative research which uses semi-structured interview. The population of this study includes all café-goers in Tehran. The sampling used in this study was purposive and 30 people were chosen. To analyze the data, coding method and interpretation of obtained codes were used. The results show that the model of the Communicative Action of individuals in Tehran cafes does not follow the pattern of Communicative Action of Habermas. In fact, the Communicative Action of individuals was based mostly on emotion, tradition, ethnicity and friendship relationships, and de ’pending on discussed issues, the Action type was different.At the macro-level, it seems this leads to two or several intense divisions in society and between ethnic groups and other groups. Also, this creates an atmosphere of tension between different social groups. In these circumstances, pros and cons thoughts of present situation will not be challenged and this can lead to conflict and aggression between different classes in the most optimistic situation and at worst situation, can lead to suppression and elimination of one of the sides.

This paper aimed to study the role of Communicative Action methodology in defining the concept of citizenship.Accordingly, the following hypotheses were proposed: (a) non-governmental organizations' managers believe that they have not achieved their targets because of the governmental organizations' impacts. (b) non-governmental organizations' managers believe that due to the media's supervision, their organizations show to be more responsible towards public opinion. (c) non-governmental organizations' managers believe that there is an affiliation between the civilization rights and social capital. According to this research, we learned that the public sphere was in need of voluntary and independent societies of citizens. Hence, active non-governmental organizations' target groups were formed across Tehran city in order to test the abovementioned hypotheses. After the reviewing of the sources, now, we study the concept of communication and the media and its impacts, social and Communicative theories in connection to the citizenship and mass media, critical theory of Frankfurt and learn about Jurgen Habermas' opinions, the emergence of citizenship concept in the World and Iran (before Mashrouteh) and finally the definition and types of non- governmental organizations. Finally the researchers, due to the Hagerman' Communicative Action, offer a Communicative paradigm. In this paradigm, the level of communication has been divided into small, medium and large ones and their specifications together with their samples have been presented. On the basis of this research, the medium level enjoys some features as like: Communicative means' pluralism, to be small and simple, local media, non-governmental media, interAction between the sender and receiver (bilateral). Therefore, the medium level will have the most impact on setting up the Communicative Action among non-governmental organizations as well as the citizens.

Rationality is considered as one of the main elements of modernity. Habermas is among the thinkers of Frankfurt Critical School who believes that critical rationality dominates Communicative rationality. He proposes Communicative rationality as a means for removing the restrictions of modernity. As for his criterion for removing these restrictions and gaining freedom in Communicative rationality, due to his limitations, it can be no more that public culture or common sense. This is because he does not rely on the criteria of sacred intellect which the highest form of intellect and is unable to provide value and normative criteria based on practical intellect derived from sublime human values and ideals. So, we could not help accepting Habermas's criteria to free ourselves from these limitations if Islam had not provided a criterion which goes beyond common sense, based on divine teachings. Using the cognitive and ontological principles of Islam and applying principal methodology, the present paper criticizes Habermas's principles of Communicative Action and tries, through an overview of the principles of his theory to find what, according to Islam, position it has. In other words, does Islam accept the criteria proposed by Habermas in his critical ideas by using Communicative Action for obtaining freedom?.

Nowadays the concept of citizenship, its consequences and impacts on communication could be easily understood. With a view to the fact that the public sphere is one of the most important concepts which Jorgen Hagerman, the theoretician of the critical theory of Frank Fort, has introduced, the question about our opinion towards citizenship rights arises. According to this research, we learn that the public sphere is in need of voluntary and independent societies of citizens. Hence, active non- stats organizations' target groups were formed across Tehran in order to test the mentioned hypotheses. After the reviewing of the sources, now, we study the concept of communication and the media and its impacts, social and Communicative theories in connection to the citizenship and mass media, critical theory of Frankfurt and learn about Jurgen Habermas' opinions, the emergence of citizenship concept in the World and Iran (before Mashrouteh), and finely the definition and types of non- state organizations. In chapter 3 and 4 the research technic and methodology as well as statistical analysis will be studied, repectiveky. The chapter 5 emphasizes on the research results. According to the applied criteria, the non – parametric methods were utilized in analyzing of the input data and all the questions indicated specific differences. Having considered the above mentioned points, all three hypotheses were approved. Finally the researchers, due to the Hagerman' Communicative Action, offer a Communicative paradigm. In this paradigm, the level of communication has been divided into small, medium and large ones and their specifications together with their samples have been presented. On the basis of this research, the medium level enjoys some features as like: Communicative means' pluralism, to be small and simple, local media, non-state media, InterAction between the sender and receiver (bilateral). Therefore, the medium level will have the most impact on setting up the Communicative Action among non – state organizations as well as the citizens. 

Jü rgen Habermas, as the bes t-known defender of Enlightenment’ s ideals in contemporary times, thinks that any adequate defense of those ideals, particularly the ideal of emancipation from oppression and domination, depends on formulating a theory unbound by local contexts and capable of jus tifying a discourse ethics on universal foundations. In order to map out such a theory, he mainly appeals to metaphysically loaded notions such as “ truth” and “ universality” . On the other hand, he considers himself as a pos t-metaphysical thinker and counts his theory of Communicative rationality as a consequence of the linguis tic turn. In this essay, I would argue that the way in which he appeals to notions of “ truth” and “ universality” is not consis tent with his pos t-metaphysical commitments and requirements of linguis tic turn.

While there are a wide variety of studies about Communicative Action theory of Habermas, there is the need for building of indicators and variables for quantitative methods of assessing this concept in a particular case study. Especially as the development of Communicative Action theory has created new perspectives in urban planning, it is necessary to assess and promote this concept in cities and neighborhoods.The purpose of this paper is to identifyCommunicative Action indicators and variables and assess the Communicative Action in Tehrancity as the case study.Seven indicators were derived of theoretical framework, which are Urban Space, Life world, Amenity, Social Capital, Communicative Rationality, Critical View Point andEconomic Development. Variables related to each one were also identified and after testing reliability and validity, were served as a basis for assessing Communicative Action in Tehran city. In this regard, the hypotheses of the research were elaborated on the existence of the significant relationship between the seven indicators and Communicative Action in Tehran city. This research has been conducted with quantitative analysis based on field studies. Research hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling in Lisrel software, using data related to 384 questionnaires. Results show that all indicators have a significant relationship with Communicative Action in Tehran city and among them the strongest impacts relate tosocial capital, amenity and life world.

Introduction Development of Communicative Action theory in urban planning, has introduced new perspectives in the contexts such as public interest, urban justice, equal social and economic opportunities, empowering deprived urban classes, rejecting the dominance over nature, participation of people, and rejection of the sovereignty of power and money. Considering that the way of achieving urban sustainability is to pay attention to social dimensions along with economic and environmental dimensions and to establish a balanced relationship between them, this research considers Communicative Action theory as one of the most important areas of sustainability, and believes that for going toward the sustainability; a relationship between stakeholders should be exist from the lower policy levels to the highest levels, and sustainability will not be possible if this discourse and communication is distorted. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between Communicative Action and urban sustainability. In this regard, research hypotheses have been developed that indicate a significant relationship between Communicative Action and urban sustainability in Tehran city as a case study. Methodology In this paper, the concept of Communicative Action includes indicators which are presence in urban space, Communicative rationality, critical point of view and social capital; and the concept of sustainability includes the dimensions which are social, economic, environmental, physical, institutional and political; and the relationship between these mentioned variables and dimensions has been investigated. This research is descriptive-analytical. The theoretical framework of this research is based on documentary studies and its operational part is conducted with quantitative analysis based on field study. Based on multistage cluster sampling, region three in the north, region ten in the center and region nineteen in the south of Tehran city were selected. These regions were located on the basis of development indicators such as “ housing, education, employment, demographic indicators, access to information; and infrastructure” and were identified respectively as developed, moderate developed and underdeveloped region. Sample size was divided according to the distribution of the population of the administrative neighborhoods of the regions and ultimately (according to the sampling rules) the results will be generalized to the whole city of Tehran. The number of samples based on the Cochran formula was estimated to be 384 that were distributed in proportion to the number of neighborhoods in each of these three regions. The research hypotheses were analyzed by SPSS software. Results and discussion Reliability of the researcher-made questionnaire of this paper was measured by Cronbach's alpha test and shows that the questionnaire has a high reliability. The questionnaire is also based on content validity and has been reviewed several times. Structural validity (factor analysis) was measured using the KMO test, which indicates the fitting of the data, and the Bartlett test, which suggests that there is the possibility of performing factor analysis on research data. The ten extracted factors are the result of 55 items that have been used in subsequent analyzes. Communicative Action analysis was performed based on four components of presence in urban space, Communicative rationality, critical point of view and social capital. According to Kruskal-Wallis test, at 99% significance level, the Communicative Action is different among three regions of Tehran City, so that the third region with the average score of 161. 27 has the highest Communicative Action. These differences indicate that Tehran does not follow a single pattern. But in all three regions, social capital is the highest among the other indexes. The Pearson correlation test was used to identify the relationship between Communicative Action and urban sustainability. The relationship between Communicative Action and urban sustainability is significant using Pearson correlation test with a confidence level of 99%, and Pearson coefficient of this relation is about 0. 617 in Tehran, which indicates a high correlation between these two concepts. In other words, the reduction or increase of Communicative Action has a direct and high impact on the sustainability of the city. The results also show that the relationship between Communicative Action and sustainability is different between the three regions. Thus, the correlation between these two concepts in region three by using Pearson coefficient is 0. 635 which is more than of region ten with Pearson coefficient of 0. 507 and of the nineteen region with Pearson coefficient of 0. 381. In this research, the relationship between Communicative Action and various dimensions of sustainability has also been evaluated. The relationship between Communicative Action with social, economic, environmental, physical, institutional and political dimensions of urban sustainability has been measured by Pearson correlation test. The results show that the relationship between Communicative Action and all dimensions of sustainability is significant at 99% confidence level and the relationship between Communicative Action and political dimension of sustainability with coefficient of 0. 613, social dimension with coefficient of 0. 608 and institutional dimension with coefficient of 59. 22 is higher among other dimensions. Conclusion The results show that the changes in Communicative Action have a direct and significant impact on urban sustainability and all its dimensions; and strengthening Communicative Action can lead to increase all dimensions of sustainability in Tehran city. In addition, the relationship between Communicative Action and sustainability varies between the three urban regions. Results show that this relationship in region three is greater than that of region ten; and in the region ten it is more than region nineteen. The third hypothesis of this research is devoted to the relationship between Communicative Action and the income. The results show that there is a positive and poor correlation between these two variables. With the conclusion of the second and third hypotheses, it can be concluded that the relationship between Communicative Action and sustainability in a region is more appropriate with the economic conditions. By substantiating the assumptions of this research, its claim to consider Communicative Action as one of the most important areas of sustainability is accepted.

The government has not succeeded in governing the common pool resources. As a result, some groups are searching for their answers in privatization management and others believe in participatory management. This research compares the Communicative approaches of stakeholders regarding the groundwater sustainability in Rafsenjan plain. The research methodology was grounded theory (GT). Participants were chosen through snowball sampling and theoretical saturation to maximize variation sampling. Focus group discussions were conductedamong a total of 115 people in ten stakeholders’ groups. Each sub-group consisted of 10 to 15 members. The researchers learned about two different approaches among water stakeholders. Those groups being interested in Communicative Action have seen the reasons for the water instability as "lack of civil society in water law regulation", "water-based employment policies". They insisted on strategies like "participation", "fairness" and "accountability"for a way out. In contrast, the other group found the reasons for the water instability in "energy subsidy", "farmers' lack of technical awareness" and " vague water rules" and their proposal is the "water's market" and "extension". These two different approaches derive from two different perceptions’ "participatory" and "rational strategy". As a result, they had a different attitude toward groundwater management and sustainability.